Voltaire on the Wars against the Cathars of the Languedoc
The
following is a translation of a French work of 1756 by Voltaire
, one of the greatest figures of the Enlightenment, and arguably the
most effective champion of liberty the world has ever known. It recounts
some of the main points of the wars against the Cathars of the Languedoc
instigated and lead by the Roman Catholic Church.
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De la Croisade Contre les Languedociens
|
Of the Crusade against the People of the Languedoc.
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Les querelles sanglantes de l'empire et
du sacerdoce, les richesses des monastères, l'abus que
tant d'évêques avaient fait de leur puissance temporelle,
devaient tôt ou tard révolter
les esprits et leur inspirer une secrète indépendance.
Arnaud de Brescia avait osé exciter les peuples jusque
dans Rome à secouer le joug. On raisonna beaucoup en Europe
sur la religion, dès le temps de Charlemagne. Il est très
certain que les Francs et les Germains ne connaissaient alors
ni images, ni reliques, ni transsubstantiation. Il se trouva ensuite
des hommes qui ne voulurent de loi que l'Évangile, et qui
prêchèrent à peu près les mêmes
dogmes que tiennent aujourd'hui les protestants. On les nommait
Vaudois, parce qu'il y en avait beaucoup dans les vallées
du Piémont; Albigeois, à cause de la ville d'Albi
; bons hommes par la régularité dont ils se piquaient
; enfin manichéens, du nom qu'on donnait alors en général
aux hérétiques. On fut étonné, vers
la fin du douzième siècle, que le Languedoc en parût
tout rempli.
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The bloody quarrels of the Empire and the priesthood,
the wealth of the monasteries, the abuse their temporal power by
so many bishops, was sooner or later bound to revolt people and
inspire a secret independence in their minds.Arnald of Brescia
had dared to incite people - even in Rome itself - to shake off
their yokes. Religion had been much thought about in Europe from
the time of Charlemagne. It is quite certain that the Francs and
the Germans knew neither icons, nor relics, nor transubstantiation.
Furthermore, there were men who wanted no law but the gospels, and
who preached ideas almost the same as those held today by the Protestants.
They were called Vaudois
because they were numerous in the valleys of Piedmont; Albigensians
, from the town of Albi; Goodmen, from the consistent goodness of
their lives; and finally Manicheans, the name then given to heretics
in general
It was astonishing that, towards the end of the twelfth century,
the Languedoc seemed full of them. |
Dès l'an 1198, le pape
Innocent III délégua deux simples moines de Cîteaux
pour juger les hérétiques. " Nous mandons,
dit-il, aux princes, aux comtes et à tous les seigneurs
de votre province, de les assister puissamment contre les hérétiques,
par la puissance qu'ils ont reçue pour la punition des
méchants, en sorte qu'après que frère Rainier
aura prononcé l'excommunication contre eux, les seigneurs
confisquent leurs biens, les bannissent de leurs terres, et les
punissent plus sévèrement s'ils osent y résister.
Or nous avons donné pouvoir à frère Rainier
d'y contraindre les seigneurs par excommunication et par interdit
sur leurs biens, etc. " Ce fut le premier fondement de l'inquisition. |
In the year 1198 Pope Innocent III delegated two simple monks
to judge the heretics. "We command", he says "to the Princes,
to the Counts, and to all Lords of your lands, to aid them against
the heretics, by the authority that they have been given to
punish the evil-doers, so that when Brother Rainier has excommunicated
them, the Lords should seize their property, banish them from
their lands, and punish severely those who dare to resist. Now,
we have given authority to Brother Rainier to compel the Lords
to do this, on pain of excommunication and interdiction of their
property, etc." This was the first foundation of the Inquisition
|
Un abbé de Cîteaux
fut nommé ensuite avec d'autres moines pour aller faire
à Toulouse ce que l'évêque devait y faire.
Ce procédé indigna le comte de Foix et tous les
princes du pays, déjà séduits par les réformateurs,
et irrités contre la cour de Rome. |
An abbot of Cîteaux was then nominated with other
monks to go to Toulouse to do what the bishop was supposed to
do. This procedure infuriated the Count of Foix and all the Princes
of the land, already seduced by the reformers, and set against
the Court of Rome. |
La secte était en grande partie
composée d'une bourgeoisie réduite à l'indigence
par le long esclavage dont on sortait à peine, et encore
par les croisades. L'abbé de Cîteaux paraissait
avec l'équipage d'un prince. Il voulut en vain parler
en apôtre; le peuple lui criait: Quittez le luxe ou le
sermon. Un Espagnol, évêque d'Osma, très
homme de bien, qui était alors à Toulouse, conseilla
aux inquisiteurs de renoncer à leurs équipages
somptueux, de marcher à pied, de vivre austèrement,
et d'imiter les Albigeois pour les convertir. Saint Dominique,
qui avait accompagné cet évêque, donna l'exemple
avec lui de cette vie apostolique, et parut alors souhaiter
qu'on n'employât jamais d'autres armes contre les erreurs
(1207). Mais Pierre de Castelnau, l'un des inquisiteurs, fut
accusé de se servir des armes qui lui étaient
propres, en soulevant secrètement quelques seigneurs
voisins contre le comte de Toulouse, et en suscitant une guerre
civile. Cet inquisiteur fut assassiné. Le soupçon
tomba sur le comte de Toulouse.
|
The sect was to a large extent composed
of a merchant class reduced to helplessness by the long servitude
and more by the crusades from which it was possible to emerge
only with difficulty. The Abbot of Cîteaux appeared, with the
entourage of a prince. In vain he spoke as an Apostle; the people
shouted at him "Abandon either your luxury or your sermon".
A Spaniard, Bishop of Osma, a very good man who was then in
Toulouse, advised the Inquisitors to give up their luxurious
entourages, to walk on foot, to live austere lives, and to imitate
the Albigensians in order to convert them. This bishop, along
with Saint Dominic
who had accompanied him, provided an example of this apostolic
lifestyle, and appeared then to wish that no other means should
ever be employed against these errors. But Pierre de Castelnau,
one of the Inquisitors, was accused of using other weapons,
which to him were quite appropriate, in secretly encouraging
neighbouring lords to rise up against the Count of Toulouse
, and in inciting civil war (1207). This Inquisitor was assassinated.
Suspicion fell on the Count of Toulouse.
|
Le pape Innocent III ne balança
pas à délier les sujets du comte de Toulouse de
leur serment de fidélité. C'est ainsi qu'on traitait
les descendants de Raymond de Toulouse, qui avait le premier
servi la chrétienté dans les croisades.
|
Pope Innocent III did not hesitate to release the
subjects of the Count of Toulouse from their oaths of fidelity.
This is how the descendents of Raymond of Toulouse
, the first to serve Christianity in the Crusades, were treated. |
Le comte, qui savait ce que
pouvait quelquefois une bulle, se soumit à la satisfaction
qu'on exigea de lui (1209). Un des légats du pape, nommé
Milon, lui commande de le venir trouver à Valence, de lui
livrer sept châteaux qu'il possédait en Provence,
de se croiser lui-même contre les Albigeois ses sujets,
de faire amende honorable. Le comte obéit à tout:
il Parut devant le légat, nu jusqu'à la ceinture,
nu-pieds, nu-jambes, revêtu d'un simple caleçon,
à la porte de l'église de Saint-Gilles ; là
un diacre lui mit une corde au cou, et un autre diacre le fouetta,
tandis que le légat tenait un bout de la corde; après
quoi on fit prosterner le prince à la porte de cette église
pendant le dîner du légat. |
The Count, who knew the power that a papal bull
could have, submitted and did what was demanded of him (1209).
One of the papal legates, named Milon, ordered him to go to Valence,
to surrender seven castles that he held in Provence, to join the
crusade against the Albigensians - his own subjects, and to make
due apology. The Count obeyed every requirement: he appeared before
the legate, stripped to the waist, bare foot and bare legged,
clothed in simple breeches, at the door of the Church of Saint-Gilles;
there, a deacon placed a noose around his neck. Another deacon
flogged him while the legate held the free end of the noose; after
which the prince was obliged to prostrate himself at the door
of this church while the legate ate his supper. |
On voyait d'un côté le duc
de Bourgogne, le comte de Nevers, Simon, comte de Montfort,
les évêques de Sens, d'Autun, de Nevers, de Clermont,
de Lisieux, de Bayeux, à la tête de leurs troupes,
et le malheureux comte de Toulouse au milieu d'eux, comme leur
otage; de l'autre côté, des peuples animés
par le fanatisme de la persuasion. La ville de Béziers
voulut tenir contre les croisés : on égorgea tous
les habitants réfugiés dans une église
; la ville fut réduite en cendres. Les citoyens de Carcassonne,
effrayés de cet exemple, implorèrent la miséricorde
des croisés : on leur laissa la vie. On leur permit de
sortir presque nus de leur ville, et on s'empara de tous leurs
biens.
|
On one side of him were to be seen the Duke of Burgundy,
the Count of Nevers, Simon Count of Montfort, the Bishops of Sens,
of Auytun, of Nevers, of Clermont, of Lisieux, and of Bayeux,
all at the head of their troops, and the miserable Count of Toulouse
like a hostage in their midst: on the other side a mob animated
by fanaticism of their faith. The city of Béziers tried to hold
out against the crusaders; all the inhabitants who sought refuge
in a church had their throats cut and the city was reduced to
ashes
. The citizens of Carcassonne, frightened by this example, begged
for mercy from the crusaders and their lives were spared. They
were permitted to leave their city, almost naked, and all their
goods were seized. |
On donnait au comte Simon de Montfort
le nom de Macchabée. Il se rendit maître d'une
grande partie du pays, s'assurant des châteaux des seigneurs
suspects, attaquant ceux qui ne se mettaient pas entre ses mains,
poursuivant les hérétiques qui osaient se défendre.
Les écrivains ecclésiastiques racontent eux-mêmes
que Simon de Montfort ayant allumé un bûcher pour
ces malheureux, il y en eut cent quarante qui coururent, en
chantant des psaumes, se précipiter dans les flammes.
Le jésuite Daniel, en parlant de ces infortunés
dans son Histoire de France, les appelle infâmes et détestables.
Il est bien évident que des hommes qui volaient ainsi
au martyre n'avaient point des murs infâmes. Il
n'y a sans doute de détestable que la barbarie avec laquelle
on les traita, et il n'y a d'infâme que les paroles de
Daniel. On peut seulement déplorer l'aveuglement de ces
malheureux, qui croyaient que Dieu les récompenserait
parce que des moines les faisaient brûler.
|
Simon de Montfort
was given the name Maccabee.
He made himself master of a great part of the country, securing
the castles of suspects lords, besieging those that did not put
themselves under his control, and attacking heretics who dared
to defend themselves. The ecclesiastical chroniclers recounted
themselves that, Simon de Montfort having lit a pyre for these
unhappy people, one hundred and forty of them ran forward, singing
psalms, to throw themselves into the flames. The Jesuit Daniel,
in speaking of these unfortunates in his History of France,
calls them "infamous" and "detestable".It is patently obvious
that these men who desired their martyrdom did not have infamous
morals. There was nothing detestable about them other than the
barbaric way in which they were treated, and nothing infamous
other than the words of Daniel. One can criticise only the blindness
of these miserable people, who believed that God would reward
them because the monks were going to have them burned. |
L'esprit de justice et de
raison, qui s'est introduit depuis dans le droit public de l'Europe,
a fait voir enfin qu'il n'y avait rien de plus injuste que la
guerre contre les Albigeois. On n'attaquait point des peuples
rebelles à leur prince ; c'était le prince même
qu'on attaquait pour le forcer à détruire ses peuples.
Que dirait-on aujourd'hui si quelques évêques venaient
assiéger l'électeur de Saxe ou l'électeur
Palatin, sous prétexte que les sujets de ces princes ont
impunément d'autres cérémonies que les sujets
de ces évêques ? |
The spirit of justice and reason, which has been
introduced into European civil law since then, has finally made
clear that there was never anything as unjust as the war against
the Albigensians. The people were not attacked for rebelling against
their prince: it was the prince who was attacked to force him
to destroy his own people. What would we say today if some bishops
came to lay siege to the Elector of Saxony or of the Palatine,
under the pretext that the subjects of these princes had favoured
ceremonies different from those of the subjects of these bishops? |
En dépeuplant le Languedoc, on
dépouillait le comte de Toulouse. Il ne s'était
défendu que par les négociations (1210). Il alla
trouver encore dans Saint-Gilles les légats, les abbés
qui étaient à la tête de cette croisade
; il pleura devant eux : on lui répondit que ses larmes
venaient de fureur. Le légat lui laissa le choix ou de
céder à Simon de Montfort tout ce que ce comte
avait usurpé, ou d'être excommunié. Le comte
de Toulouse eut du moins le courage de choisir l'excommunication
: il se réfugia chez Pierre II, roi d'Aragon, son beau-frère,
qui prit sa défense, et qui avait presque autant à
se plaindre du chef des croises que le comte de Toulouse.
|
In depopulating the Languedoc, the Count of Toulouse
was dispossessed. He was able to defend himself only by negotiation
(1210). He went again to St-Gilles, to meet the legates and abbots
who had led the crusade; he wept before them; they claimed that
his tears were tears of fury. The legate offered him a choice:
either to cede to Simon de Montfort everything that Montfort had
already usurped, or to face excommunication. The Count of Toulouse
at least had the courage to choose excommunication: he sought
refuge with his brother-in-law, Peter II, King of Aragon,
who came to his defence, and who had almost as much reason to
complain about the leader of the Crusade as the Count of Toulouse. |
Cependant l'ardeur de gagner des indulgences
et des richesses multipliait les croisés. Les évêques
de Paris, de Lisieux, de Bayeux, accourent au siège de
Lavaur : on y fit prisonniers quatre-vingts chevaliers avec
le seigneur de cette ville, que l'on condamna tous à
être pendus ; mais les fourches patibulaires étant
rompues, on abandonna ces captifs aux croisés, qui les
massacrèrent (1211). On jeta dans un puits la sur
du seigneur de Lavaur, et on brûla autour du puits trois
cents habitants qui ne voulurent pas renoncer à leurs
opinions.
|
However, the enthusiasm to gain Indulgences and
wealth multiplied the crusaders. The Bishops of Paris, of Liseux,
of Bayeux, hastened to the siege of Lavaur. Eighty knights were
taken prisoner along with the lord of this town; they were all
condemned to be hanged, but the gallows broke under the weight
and the captives were abandoned to the crusaders who massacred
them (1211). The sister of the Lord of Lavaur was thrown down
a well, and around the well, three hundred inhabitants who would
not renounce their faith were burned. |
Le prince Louis, qui fut depuis le roi
Louis VIII, se joignit à la vérité aux
croisés pour avoir part aux dépouilles ; mais
Simon de Montfort écarta bientôt un compagnon qui
eût été son maître.
|
Prince Louis, later King Louis VIII, joined the
crusaders, hoping to share in the spoils, but Simon de Montfort
would soon send packing this companion who would also be his master. |
C'était l'intérêt
des papes de donner ces pays à Montfort; et le projet
en était si bien formé, que le roi d'Aragon ne
put jamais, par sa médiation, obtenir la moindre grâce.
Il paraît qu'il n'arma que quand il ne put s'en dispenser.
|
It was in the interests of the popes to give these
lands to Montfort, and the plans were so well underway that the
King of Aragon could never, through his mediation, obtain any
concession. It seems that he resorted to arms only when there
was no other choice. |
(1213) La bataille qu'il livra
aux croisés auprès de Toulouse, dans laquelle il
fut tué, passa pour une des plus extraordinaires de ce
monde. Une foule d'écrivains répète que Simon
de Montfort, avec huit cents hommes de cheval seulement, et mille
fantassins, attaqua l'armée du roi d'Aragon et du comte
de Toulouse, qui faisaient le siège de Muret ; ils disent
que le roi d'Aragon avait cent mille combattants, et que jamais
il n'y eut une déroute plus complète ; ils disent
que Simon de Montfort, l'évêque de Toulouse, et l'évêque
de Comminge, divisèrent leur armée en trois corps
en l'honneur de la sainte Trinité. |
(1213) The battle that he joined against the crusaders,
near to Toulouse, in which the king was killed, appears to have
been one of the most extraordinary in this world. A crowd of writers
repeat that Simon de Montfort, with eight hundred cavalry and
a thousand infantry, attacked the army of the King of Aragon and
the Count of Toulouse who where besieging Muret; They said that
the King of Aragon had fielded a hundred thousand combatants,
and that there had never been a more complete rout; they said
that Simon de Montfort, the Bishop of Toulouse and the Bishop
of Comminges divided their army into three parts in honour of
the Holy Trinity. |
Mais quand on a cent mille ennemis en
tête, va-t-on les attaquer avec dix-huit cents hommes
en pleine campagne, et divise-t-on une si petite troupe en trois
corps ? C'est un miracle, disent quelques écrivains ;
mais les gens de guerre, qui lisent de telles aventures, les
appellent des absurdités.
|
But when one faces a hundred thousand enemies, is
one going to attack them with eight hundred men in open country,
and would one divide such a small troop into three divisions?
It was miracle, say some writers; but seasoned fighters who read
of such adventures call them absurdities. |
Plusieurs historiens assurent que saint
Dominique était à la tête des troupes, un
crucifix de fer à la main, encourageant les croisés
au carnage. Ce n'était pas là la place d'un saint;
et il faut avouer que si Dominique était confesseur,
le comte de Toulouse était martyr.
|
A number of chroniclers assure us that Saint Dominic
was at the head of the troops, an iron crucifix in his hand, encouraging
the crusaders into the carnage. It was not the position for a
saint; and it must be admitted that if Dominic was a confessor
, then the Count of Toulouse was a martyr. |
Après cette victoire
le pape tint un concile général à Rome. Le
comte de Toulouse vint y demander grâce. Je ne puis découvrir
sur quel fondement il espérait quon lui rendrait
ses États; il fut trop heureux de ne pas perdre sa liberté.
Le concile même porta la miséricorde jusquà
statuer quil jouirait dune pension de quatre cents
marcs ou marques dargent. Si ce sont des marcs, cest
à peu près vingt-deux mille francs de nos jours;
si ce sont des marques, cest environ douze cents francs:
le dernier est plus probable, attendu que moins on lui donnait
dargent, plus il en restait pour lÉglise. |
After this victory, the pope held a General Council
in Rome. The Count of Toulouse came to ask for pardon. I have
not been able to discover on what basis he hoped that his lands
would be restored; he was too happy not to lose his liberty. The
same council carried mercy as far as declaring that he would enjoy
a pension of four hundred marcs or marques of silver. If these
are marcs, this equates to almost 22,000 francs in today's money
; if they are marques, it equates to around 1,200 francs: the
latter is more probable, given that the less silver he was given,
the more would be left for the Church. |
Quand Innocent III fut mort, Raymond
de Toulouse ne fut pas mieux traité (1218). Il fut assiégé
dans sa capitale par Simon de Montfort : mais ce conquérant
y trouva le terme de ses succès et de sa vie ; un coup
de pierre écrasa cet homme, qui, en faisant tant de mal,
avait acquis tant de renommée.
|
When Innocent III was dead, Raymond de Toulouse
received no better treatment (1218). He was besieged in his capital
by Simon de Montfort; but here this conqueror came to the end
of his success and his life; a blow from a stone crushed this
man
, who in doing so much harm had won such renown. |
Il avait un fils à
qui le pape donna tous les droits du père ; mais le pape
ne put lui donner le même crédit. La croisade contre
le Languedoc ne fut plus que languissante. Le fils du vieux Raymond,
qui avait succédé à son père, était
excommunié comme lui. Alors le roi de France, Louis VIII,
se fit céder, par le jeune Montfort, tous ces pays que
Montfort ne pouvait garder ; mais la mort arrêta Louis VIII
au milieu de ses conquêtes. |
He had a son, to whom the Pope gave all the rights
of the father; but the Pope could not credit him the same ability.
The crusade against the Languedoc languished. The son of the old
Raymond
, who had succeeded his father, was also excommunicated. Then
the young Montfort ceded to the King of France, Louis VIII, all
of the lands that he could no longer control; but death put a
stop to Louis VIII in the middle of his conquests. |
Le règne de saint Louis, neuvième
du nom, commença malheureusement par cette horrible croisade
contre des chrétiens ses vassaux. Ce n'était point
par des croisades que ce monarque était destiné
à se couvrir de gloire. La reine Blanche de Castille,
sa mère, femme dévouée au pape, Espagnole,
frémissant au nom d'hérétique, et tutrice
d'un pupille à qui les dépouilles des opprimés
devaient revenir, prêta le peu qu'elle avait de forces
à un frère de Montfort, pour achever de saccager
le Languedoc : le jeune Raymond se défendit (1227). On
fit une guerre semblable à celle que nous avons vue dans
les Cévennes. Les prêtres ne pardonnaient jamais
aux Languedociens, et ceux-ci n'épargnaient point les
prêtres (1228). Tout prisonnier fut mis à mort
pendant deux années, toute place rendue fut réduite
en cendres.
|
The reign of St Louis, the ninth of the name, started
unfortunately with a crusade against these Christians, his own
vassals. It was not at all by these crusades that this monarch
was destined to cover himself in glory. The queen, Blanche of
Castile, his mother, a woman devoted to the pope, Spanish, quaking
at the word heretic, and guardian of the child on whom the spoils
of the oppressed would vest, lent the small forces that she had
to a brother of de Montfort, to complete the sacking of the Languedoc:
the young Raymond defended himself (1227). The war that was waged
was similar to the one we have seen waged in the Cevennes.
The priests never forgave the people of the Languedoc, and they
in turn never spared the priests (1228). For two years, every
prisoner was put to death, ever place surrendered was reduced
to ashes. |
Enfin la régente Blanche,
qui avait d'autres ennemis, et le jeune Raymond, las des massacres,
et épuisé de pertes, firent la paix à Paris.
Un cardinal de Saint-Ange fut larbitre de cette paix; et
voici les lois quil donna, et qui furent exécutées.
|
Finally, the Regent, Blanche, who had other enemies,
and the young Raymond, tired of massacres and exhausted by his
losses, signed a peace treaty in Paris. A cardinal of Saint-Ange
was the mediator of this Peace, and here are the laws that he
laid down and which were put into effect. |
Le comte de Toulouse devait
payer dix mille marcs ou marques aux églises de Languedoc,
entre les mains dun receveur dudit cardinal; deux mille
aux moines de Cîteaux, immensément riches; cinq cents
aux moines de Clervaux, plus riches encore, et quinze cents à
dautres abbayes; il devait aller faire pendant cinq ans
la guerre aux Sarrasins et aux Turcs, qui assurément navaient
pas fait la guerre à Raimond; il abandonnait au roi, sans
nulle récompense, tous ses États en deçà
du Rhône, car ce quil possédait en delà
était terre de lempire. Il signa son dépouillement,
moyennant quoi il fut reconnu par le cardinal Saint-Ange et par
un légat, non seulement pour être bon catholique,
mais pour lavoir toujours été. On le conduisit,
seulement pour la forme, en chemise et nu-pieds devant lautel
de léglise de Notre-Dame de Paris: là il demanda
pardon à la Vierge; apparemment quau fond de son
coeur il demandait pardon davoir signé un si infâme
traité.
|
The Count of Toulouse had to pay ten thousand marcs or marques
to the churches of the Languedoc, into the hands of the Receiver
of the said cardinal; two thousand to the immensely rich monks
of Cîteaux; five hundred to the still richer monks of Clairvaux,
and fifteen hundred to other abbeys; he was obliged to go off
for five years to wage war against the Saracens and Turks
, who assuredly had not waged war against Raymond; he abandoned
to the king all of his estates near the Rhone, without any compensation,
because all of his estates there belonged to the [Holy Roman]
Empire. He assented to this stripping, in consideration of which
he was recognised by the Cardinal Saint-Ange and by a legate,
not only as a good Catholic but also as having always been a
good Catholic. He was led, just for the form, bare foot and
dressed only in a shirt in front of the high alter of the Church
of Notre Dame of Paris: there he asked pardon of the Virgin.
At the bottom of his heart he must have asked pardon for having
signed such an infamous treaty.
|
Rome ne soublia pas dans le partage
des dépouilles. Raimond le Jeune, pour obtenir le pardon
de ses péchés, céda au pape à perpétuité
le comtat Venaissin, qui est en delà du Rhône.
Cette cession était nulle par toutes les lois de lempire;
le comtat était un fief impérial, et il nétait
pas permis de donner son fief à lÉglise,
sans le consentement de lempereur et des états.
Mais où sont les possessions quon ne se soit appropriées
que par les lois? Aussi, bientôt après cette extorsion,
lempereur Frédéric II rendit au comte de
Toulouse ce petit pays dAvignon, que le pape lui avait
ravi; il fit justice comme souverain, et surtout comme souverain
outragé. Mais lorsque ensuite saint Louis et son fils,
Philippe le Hardi, se furent mis en possession des États
des comtes de Toulouse, Philippe remit aux papes le comtat Venaissin,
quils ont toujours conservé par la libéralité
des rois de France. La ville et le territoire dAvignon
ny furent point compris; elle passa dans la branche de
France dAnjou qui régnait à Naples, et y
resta jusquau temps où la malheureuse reine Jeanne
de Naples fut obligée enfin de céder Avignon pour
quatre-vingt mille florins, qui ne lui furent jamais payés.
Tels sont en général les titres des possessions;
tel a été notre droit public.
|
Rome was not forgotten in sharing the spoils. The young Raymond,
to obtain forgiveness of his sins, ceded to the pope in perpetuity
the county of Venaissin beyond the Rhone. This gift was null
by all the laws of the Empire; the county was an imperial fief,
and he was not permitted to give it to the Church without the
consent of the Emperor and of the States. But what possessions
have ever been appropriated only through legal means. Also,
soon after this extortion, the Emperor Frederick II reassigned
the small territory of Avignon, which the pope had stolen, to
the Count of Toulouse. He did justice as sovereign, and above
all as an outraged sovereign. But while Saint Louis and then
his son, Philippe le Hardi, exercised possession of the lands
of the counts of Toulouse, Philippe restored to the popes the
County of Venaissin, which they still retain by the liberality
of the kings of France
The town and the territory of Avignon was not included; it passed
through the Anjou branch of the French royal line that reigned
in Naples, and stayed there until the time when the unfortunate
Jeanne of Naples was forced to cede Avignon in exchange for
eighty thousand florins, which were never paid. Such in general
are the titles to possessions; such has been our civil law.
|
Ces croisades contre le Languedoc
durèrent vingt années. La seule envie de s'emparer
du bien d'autrui les fit naître, et, produisit en même
temps l'inquisition (1204). Ce nouveau fléau, inconnu auparavant
chez toutes les religions du monde, reçut la première
forme sous le pape Innocent III ; elle fut établie en France
dès l'année 1229, sous saint Louis. Un concile à
Toulouse commença dans cette année par défendre
aux chrétiens laïques de lire l'ancien et le nouveau
Testaments. C'était insulter au genre humain que d'oser
lui dire : Nous voulons que vous ayez une croyance, et nous ne
voulons pas que vous lisiez le livre sur lequel cette croyance
est fondée. |
These crusades against the Languedoc lasted for
twenty years. The desire to seize the property of others gave
birth to them, and at the same time the Inquisition (1204). This
new plague, unknown until then among all the religions of the
world, received its first form under Pope Innocent III; it was
established in France from the year 1229 under Saint Louis. A
council at Toulouse in this year began by prohibiting lay Christians
from reading the Old and the New Testament. It was an insult to
human kind to dare to say to people: "We want you to believe,
and we do not want you to read the book on which this belief is
founded". |
Dans ce concile on fit brûler les
ouvrages d'Aristote, c'est-à-dire deux ou trois exemplaires
qu'on avait apportés de Constantinople dans les premières
croisades, livres que personne n'entendait, et sur lesquels
on s'imaginait que l'hérésie des Languedociens
était fondée. Des conciles suivants ont mis Aristote
presque à côté des pères de l'Église.
C'est ainsi que vous verrez dans ce vaste tableau des démences
humaines, les sentiments des théologiens, les superstitions
des peuples, le fanatisme, variés sans cesse, mais toujours
constants à plonger la terre dans l'abrutissement et
la calamité, jusqu'au temps où quelques académies,
quelques sociétés éclairées ont
fait rougir nos contemporains de tant de siècles de barbarie.
|
In this council the books of Aristotle were burned,
that is to say two or three examples that had been brought back
from Constantinople during the first crusades [to the Holy Land],
books that no-one understood, and on which it was imagined
that the heresies of the people of the Languedoc had been founded.
Subsequent councils have placed Aristotle almost along side the
Fathers of the Church. So it is that you will see in this vast
tableau of human madness, the sentiments of theologians, the superstitions
of the people, the fanaticism, infinitely varied, but always constant
enough to plunge the land into horror and calamity, up until the
time when some academies, some enlightened societies have caused
our contemporaries to blush at so many centuries of barbarity. |
(1237) Mais ce fut bien pis
quand le roi eut la faiblesse de permettre quil y eût
dans son royaume un grand inquisiteur nommé par le pape.
Ce fut le cordelier Robert qui exerça ce pouvoir nouveau,
dabord dans Toulouse, et ensuite dans dautres provinces. |
(1237) But it was much worse when the king had the
weakness to permit into his kingdom a Grand Inquisitor appointed
by the pope.It was the leather-worker Robert who exercised this
new power, first in Toulouse and later in other provinces. |
Si ce Robert neût
été quun fanatique, il y aurait du moins dans
son ministère une apparence de zèle qui eût
excusé ses fureurs aux yeux des simples; mais cétait
un apostat qui conduisait avec lui une femme perdue, et pour mettre
le comble à lhorreur de son ministère, cette
femme était elle-même hérétique: cest
ce que rapportent Matthieu Pâris et Mousk, et ce qui est
prouvé dans le Spicilegium de Luc dAcheri. |
If this Robert had been only a fanatic, there would
have been, at least during his ministry, an appearance of zeal
which might have excused his fury in the eyes of the simple people;
but he was an apostate who travelled with an abandoned woman,
and to complete the horror of his ministry, this woman was herself
a heretic: this is what Matthew Paris and Mousk report, and which
is confirmed by the Spicilegium of Luc d'Acheri. |
Le roi saint Louis eut le
malheur de lui permettre dexercer ses fonctions dinquisiteur
à Paris, en Champagne, en Bourgogne, et en Flandre. Il
fit accroire au roi quil y avait une secte nouvelle qui
infectait secrètement ces provinces. Ce monstre fit brûler,
sur ce prétexte, quiconque, étant sans crédit
et étant suspect, ne voulut pas se racheter de ses persécutions.
Le peuple, souvent bon juge de ceux qui en imposent aux rois,
ne lappelait que Robert le B
... Il fut enfin reconnu:
ses iniquités et ses infamies furent publiques; mais ce
qui vous indignera, cest quil ne fut condamné
quà une prison perpétuelle; et ce qui pourrait
encore vous indigner, cest que le jésuite Daniel
ne parle point de cet homme dans son Histoire de France.
|
The king Saint Louis had the misfortune to allow
him to exercise his functions of Inquisitor in Paris, in Champaign,
in Burgundy and in Flanders. He led the king to believe that there
was a new sect which was secretly infecting his provinces. On
this pretext, the monster caused to be burned any suspects without
credit who were not prepared to ransom themselves from his persecutions.
The people, often good judges of those imposed upon them by the
king, called him only by the name Robert le B..
He was finally recognised for what he was: his iniquities and
infamous behaviour became public; but what will shock you is that
he was merely condemned to perpetual imprisonment; and what will
shock you more is that the Jesuit Daniel does not mention him
at all in his Histoire de France. |
C'est donc ainsi que l'inquisition
commença en Europe: elle ne méritait pas un autre
berceau. Vous sentez assez que c'est le dernier degré d'une
barbarie brutale et absurde de maintenir, par des délateurs
et des bourreaux, la religion d'un Dieu que des bourreaux firent
périr. Cela est presque aussi contradictoire que d'attirer
à soi les trésors des peuples ut des rois au nom
de ce même Dieu qui naquit et qui vécut dans la pauvreté.
Vous verrez dans un chapitre à part ce qu'a été
l'inquisition en Espagne et ailleurs, et jusqu'à quel excès
la barbarie et la rapacité de quelques hommes ont abusé
de la simplicité des autres. |
So it was that the Inquisition started in Europe.
It would not be worthy of any other cradle. You will see that
it is the ultimate degree of an absurd and brutal barbarity to
support by informers and executioners the religion of a God who
himself perished at the hands of executioners. This is also almost
as contradictory as for anyone to take for himself the treasure
of peoples and kings in the name of this same God who was born
into poverty and who lived in poverty. You will see in another
chapter what the Inquisition was like in Spain and elsewhere, and to
what excess the barbarity and rapacity of some men have abused
the simplicity of others. |
Footnotes
[1] Essai sur les mours et l'esprit des nations,
ch LXII, (1756) (Reprinted: Éditions sociales, 1962, Paris, 304
pages).
[2] Arnald was a lector at Brescia, he opposed
infant baptism and the mass. He was persecuted by the Roman Church and
burned alive in Rome in AD 1145.
[3] The reference is to the area and local
dialect. In English they are called Waldensians,
Waldes or Valdensians after their founder Peter Waldo who came
from Lyon. They were also called the Poor Men of Lyon. Their ideas later
gave rise to what we now call Protestantism. Waldensians were most certainly
not Cathars, though the Catholic Church often bracketed them together.
[4] Catholic sources tend to favour the name
Albigeois or Albigensians, both derived from the town of Albi,
which was imagined (apparently falsely) to be the main centre of what
we would now call Cathar belief.
[5] It is true that almost all "heretics" during
this period were called Manicheans, and it is also true that Cathars
were not strictly Manicheans (ie followers of Mani). They were however
dualists, believing in two divine principles, one the god of goodness,
light and spirits, the other the god of evil, darkness, and this material
world.
[6] There had been earlier Episcopal Inquisitions,
but this was the first Papal
Inquisition - even if its formal foundation dates from a
few years later.
[7] Dominic
Guzman, a Spanish cannon, later to found the Dominican order
which would administer the Roman Church's papal Inquisitions. He was
canonised in 1234, some time after the period Voltaire is referring
to here.
[8] This is Raymond
VI of Toulouse.
[9] This is Raymond
VII of Toulouse.
[10] Saint-Gilles
was the original home town of the Ramondines. The Counts we generally
know as Raymond of Toulouse were in their own time more likely
to be called Raymond of St-Gilles, Count of Toulouse
[11] The Church where the
massacre took place is the Church of Mary Magdalene in the centre of
Béziers.
Voltaire avoids mentioning the most famous words of the Crusade, spoken
by Arnaud,
Abbot of Cîteaux, the leader of the Crusade and recorded
by a fellow Cistercian. When he was asked how to distinguish Cathar
from Catholic he answered "Kill them all. God will know his own".
[12] This Simon
de Montfort is not the one familiar as the first English
parliamentarian. That Simon was a younger son of this one.
[13] The term Maccabee is ironic. The suggestion
is that Simon was the liberator of an oppressed people - something that
even his own allies did not believe.
[14] Peter
II or Pedro II King of Aragon was the Liege Lord of Raymond
VI of Toulouse
[15] Confessor as in "Edward the Confessor"
- ie standing up for the mainstream brand of Christianity. As Voltaire
and his readers would have known Christian confessors and martyrs were
candidates for crowns of sainthood.
[16] ie in 1756
[17] According to local legend the stone came
from an engine of war such as a trebuchet mounted on the walls of Toulouse
and operated by the women of the city.
[18] This is Raymond
VII of Toulouse.
[19] In Voltaire's day, and for a long time
afterwards, Protestants
(Huguenots) were being hunted, persecuted and killed
in the Languedoc. Many fled to the remote areas of the Cevennes
where the terrain and a sympathetic populace made
it sometimes possible to survive.
[20] This did not happen - Raymond never went
on Crusade to the Holy Land, where his cousins were counts
of Tripoli.
[21] Avignon, although belonging to the Holy Roman Emperor,
fell well within the de facto control of the Kings of France,
which made it an ideal site to keep a series of French Popes under control
for over eighty years - the famous so-called Babylonian Captivity.
[22] He was known as Robert le Bougre: Robert
the Bugger. Voltaire may be being a little disingenuous here as Robert
had been a Cathar believer before his re-conversion to Roman Catholic
belief. As Cathars were thought to practice sodomy they were known to
the more credulous Roman Catholic authors as buggers. (In fact the word
had originally meant "bulgar". The sequence of events is: Cathars in
Europe are called "Bulgars" because they are thought to come from the
Balkans and particularly from Bulgaria. Roman Catholic propaganda associates
with Cathars with Sodomy so the word "bougre" comes to mean sodomite.
Hence our modern words bougre (French) and bugger (English).
[23] This text is a chapter of a book that
goes on to outline other atrocities perpetrated by the Roman Catholic
Church.
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